Nativism: An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):  An international organization that pledged to regard an attack on one as an attack on all, and to respond with armed forces if necessary. There were 12 original countries in NATO.

Navigation Acts: A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies.

Nazi-Soviet Pact: In 1939, Hitler and Stalin agreed not to attack each other, which allowed Hitler to open up a second front in the West without worrying about defending against Russia. Stalin hoped it would help him become a power in Europe while Hitler intended to break the pact later in the war.

Neutrality Acts: There were three neutrality acts in all.  In 1935, upon the outbreak of war, all American exports would be embargoed for 6 months. In 1936 they gave the president the authority to determine when a state of war existed and prohibited loans to belligerents. Lastly in 1937 they gave the president the authority to determine whether a civil war was a threat to world peace and prohibited arms sales to belligerents.

Nez Perce: The Nez Perce tribe that was occupying a reservation in Idaho was moved to another reservation in Kansas because gold had been discovered on their land. Under the leadership of Chief Joseph, the tribe made the move. 40% of the tribe died of disease in Kansas.

Non-Intercourse Act: Enacted in 1809, it replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so Macon's Bill No. 2 replaced it.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787: This Ordinance provided that the Northwest Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood. At this time, the northwest was considered to be in the present day Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois areas.

Nuremberg: The Allies tried 22 top culprits during the years of 1945 and 1946.  Nineteen were convicted of many different kinds of war crimes and penalties were harsh. This was on of the only actions that the Ally leaders agreed upon.

Oneida: Oneida was a part of the utopian era. People who were a part of Oneida believed in free love, complex marriage, birth control, and the selection of parents. This utopia lasted for 30 years before dissolving.

Open Door Notes:  In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market. Most countries, with the except for Russia, were open to this request.

Oregon Mission: Great Britain and the United States had both claimed the land that the modern states of Washington and Oregon lay on. They wanted to spit the land between them, but they could not agree upon a line of separation. So, both countries held a joint ownership of the land. Then, in 1846 under the Oregon Treaty, Britain conceded to the 49, 40' parallel.

Ostend Manifesto:  There was a secret meeting between American and Spanish representatives. The Americans were to offer Spain money for Cuba with the edition of a partial threat of "wresting" Cuba from them. This, however, was never carried through since Northerners were afraid that Cuba would become another slave state.

The Panic of 1819: A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank. It was also due to the western bank gambling. Many debtors were put in jail and many farms were foreclosed. This panic made a change in the government that helped to bring in the Age of Jacksonism.

The Panic of 1837: When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result, this started the panic. The Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. Van Buren, now president, proposed the "Divorce Act" were federal money wouldn't be placed in banks. This act passed in 1840.

The Panic of 1857: This panic began with the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance Company and spread to the urban east. Other causes included an inflation of gold from California and the Crimean War. The depression affected the industrial North and the wheat belt more than the South.

Payne-Aldrish Tariff: With the fear of foreign competition gone, it lowered rates to 38%. Democrats felt it did not go far enough and passed the Underwood Tariff in 1913 to further lower taxes.

Pearl Harbor: On December 7, 1941 the Japanese made a surprise attack on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. They destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. In response to this attack the U.S. declared war on Japan, entering World War II. After the U.S.'s declaration of war on Japan, Germany and Italy declared war on America.

Peggy Eaton Affair: John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.

Pet Banks: Pet banks were state banks into which Jackson deposited federal funds in 1833, after he vetoed the re-charter of the Second Bank of the U.S., so called because people thought they were chosen on political grounds.

Pinckney's Treaty: Adopted in 1795, this treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans. The U.S. also gained disputed land north of Florida.

Pirates of Tripoli: From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary States for protection against the pirates of Tripoli. Jefferson decided to stop paying the tribute, so the pasha of Tripoli unofficially declared war on the U.S.. Jefferson and his small navy fought the Barbary Wars against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute in 1805. However, Jefferson did succeed in winning a bargain price of $60 thousand for American sailors that were being held for ransom.

Platt Amendment: The Platt Amendment was forced into the Cuban Constitution after they were freed. The amendment stated that Cuba could not make any treaty or contract any debt that might impair their independence, that the U.S. may intervene with troops to protect Cuba, and Cuba would sell or lease needed coaling or naval stations to the U.S.

Populist: Officially named the People's Party, but commonly known as the Populist Party, it was founded in 1891 in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Populist wrote a platform for the 1892 election in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers. They were strongly supported by the Farmer's Alliance. The party was split between South and West.

Potsdam Conference: In July 1945, Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction. Japan rejected this offer, leading to the dropping of the atomic bomb.

Protective Tariff: Passed in 1816, this tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. The tariff was not for revenue and was the 1^st one of its kind. The tariff value was from 20-25%.

Public Education/Horace Mann: Horace Mann, secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education and a educational reformer, created a public school system in Massachusetts. This system was to become a model for the nation. In the beginning, however, there was a lot of opposition. It was considered a system that would have the wealthy citizens paying to educate the lower classes. Another problem was that teachers were not always fit for the job since all of the good teachers were privately paid to educate upper class children.

PWA (Public Works Administration): In 1933, part of the 100 Day Congress, PWA was created. It was lead by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes. This program distributed $4 billion to 34,000 projects that built highways, hospitals, and schools other public facilities.